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Among the more curious ironies in contemporary Christian apologetics is the marked preference for generic theism over a distinctively Christian defense. In a Sean McDowell survey of over one hundred prominent Christian apologists—ranging from J.P. Moreland to Frank Turek to anonymous professors at Biola—the data reveals a striking trend: the most frequently cited “best” arguments for God were arguments that would apply equally to Allah, the deistic God of Enlightenment philosophers, or even an undefined cosmic intelligence. Rarely were these arguments explicitly Trinitarian, Christocentric, or doctrinally unique to Christianity.

Core Question: Would the Apostles following the Great Commission recognize the deism-centric Gospel being preached today?

This is not merely a marketing oversight. It reflects a deeper epistemic and theological incongruity within Christian apologetics: that those most committed to defending the Christian God seem to recognize that the Christian God is not epistemically defensible on His own terms.


From the table of responses, several categories dominate:

Argument CategoryCount
Creation (incl. design, fine-tuning)52
Moral Argument23
Evidence for Jesus15
Unique Arguments13
Existential/Purpose5

Among these, creation-based arguments like the cosmological argument, intelligent design, and fine-tuning appear with overwhelming frequency. These are not arguments for the Christian God. They are arguments for a First Cause, a Designer, or a cosmic engineer—entities that fit comfortably within Islamic, Hindu, or generic theistic worldviews.

Yet this survey was directed at Christian apologists, most of whom affirm that Jesus is God, that God is Triune, and that salvation comes only through Christ. Why, then, do these distinctive doctrines vanish from their epistemic arsenal?


The incongruity deepens when we recall that the Christian God describes Himself as jealous—not merely in the sense of emotional possessiveness, but in the sense of demanding unambiguous distinction from all false gods:

“You shall have no other gods before me.” (Exodus 20:3)
“For the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.” (Exodus 34:14)

If this God desires to be clearly and uniquely known, why are the very apologists charged with making His case defaulting to arguments that any other god could fulfill? It would seem the jealous God is also an oddly indistinct one.


Only a small minority of respondents in the table cite the person of Jesus or the resurrection as their best argument. These include Stuart Knechtle, Rebecca McLaughlin, Lydia McGrew, and Mikel Del Rosario. And even within these cases, some frame Jesus more as a philosophical archetype or ethical north star than as the resurrected Son of God.

This is startling, given that the resurrection is the cornerstone of Christianity. As Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 15:14:

“And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith.”

Why, then, is this existential lynchpin of Christianity not the go-to argument for the vast majority of these apologists? The answer may lie not in theology, but in epistemic risk management. Arguments from design or morality are vague, difficult to falsify, and rhetorically robust. The resurrection, on the other hand, is specific, historical, and potentially falsifiable. And apologists know this.


By leaning on design, morality, or abstract causality, apologists can play it safe: they can invite skeptics into a vaguely spiritual worldview without having to defend the full weight of Christian doctrine. This is often framed as “building bridges” or “establishing plausibility structures”, but in practice, it amounts to a subtle bait-and-switch: lure with Deism, land with Jesus.

This strategy backfires on scrutiny. If the Christian God is real, jealous, loving, and wants to be known, why would He leave the strongest arguments for His existence indistinguishable from arguments for Zeus, Brahman, or Allah? More to the point: why do His defenders behave as if the uniquely Christian evidence is their weakest evidence?


There is a revealing contradiction here. The Christian God is said to be relational, personal, and revealing—a God who wants to be known not just as a Creator, but as Father, Son, and Spirit. Yet when tasked with offering the best evidence for His reality, even His most ardent intellectual defenders decline to make Him the centerpiece of their case.

Instead, they present a God who is powerful but anonymous, intelligent but impersonal, explanatory but indistinct.

In this, the jealous God is betrayed—not by skeptics, but by those who claim to know Him best.

The Raw Data
NamesArgumentBroad Category
1William Lane CraigKalaam cosmological arguementCreation
2Dave HolmquistMoralityThe Moral Argument
3Adam DonyesCreationCreation
4Austin FruitsMoralityThe Moral Argument
5Jeff HamiltonInternal struggle for meaning in human existanceExistential
6Aaron Bondintelligent designCreation
7J. Warner WallaceCosmological argumentCreation
8John RandallCreationCreation
9Dana DillMoralityThe Moral Argument
10Ryan PaulyConsciousnessUnique Argument
11Paul CopanMoralityThe Moral Argument
12John StonestreetJesus (He is objectively speaking the best argument for God in human history – the full revelation of God in bodily form and the final answer to “if God exists why doesn’t He show Himself” and “Where is God when I suffer?” And “Why doesn’t God do anything about the evil in the world?” And “Does God love me?” And “How do I know who God is?”)Evidence for Jesus
13Brett KunkleKalam comological arguementCreation
14Alan Shlemonintelligent designCreation
15Greg KouklMoralityThe Moral Argument
16Wes HuffMoralityThe Moral Argument
17Micah GuyFine TuningCreation
18Matthew TingbladFine TuningCreation
19Ben BennettDesignCreation
20Lee StrobelKalam Cosmological ArgumentCreation
21Stuart KnechtleResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
22Natasha CrainMoralityThe Moral Argument
23J. Steve MillerNear-Death experiencesUnique Argument
24Scott RaePriviliage Planet thesisCreation
25Scott SmithMoralityThe Moral Argument
26Greg GanssleFine TuningCreation
27Alisa ChildersKalam Cosmological argumentCreation
28Bobby ConwaymoralityThe Moral Argument
29Hugh Rossfine-tuning argumentCreation
30Gary HabermasResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
31John LennoxA transformed lifeExistential
32Mary Jo SharpThe Argument from RationalityUnique Argument
33Jeff MyersIntelligent DesignCreation
34Will DembskiArgument from ExtravaganceUnique Argument
35Mike LiconaDesignCreation
36J.P MorelandKalam Cosmological argumentCreation
37Nancy Pearceycosmological argumentCreation
38Os GuinessThe best argument is the best argument for the specific person. In other words, there is no best argument!NaN
39Grant TroutExperienced the world without God, and a world withn him and theres no going backExistential
40Ross DouthatIntelligibility ArgumentUnique Argument
41Nick CaldwellIntelligent DesignCreation
42Jonathon Morrowkalam cosmological argumentCreation
43Josh McDowellprophecyEvidence for Jesus
44Larry SangerDesignCreation
45Barry CorreyMoralityThe Moral Argument
46ED StetzerResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
47Tim Muehlhoffargument from desireUnique Argument
48Thaddeus WilliamsThe existential argument.Existential
49Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)creationCreation
50Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)DesignCreation
51Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)CreationCreation
52Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)Fine-tuningCreation
53Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralityThe Moral Argument
54Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)CreationCreation
55Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)Giving birthCreation
56Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)ProphecyEvidence for Jesus
57Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)ResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
58Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MeaningExistential
59Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)The reality or existence of life itself.Creation
60Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)Cosmological argumentCreation
61Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)cosmological argumentCreation
62Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)cosmological argumentCreation
63Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralityThe Moral Argument
64Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)DesignCreation
65Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)moralityThe Moral Argument
66Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)ResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
67Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralityThe Moral Argument
68Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)BeautyUnique Argument
69Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)Cosmological argumentCreation
70Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)ResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
71Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralityThe Moral Argument
72Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)DesignCreation
73Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralThe Moral Argument
74Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)MoralityThe Moral Argument
75Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)creationCreation
76Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)moralityThe Moral Argument
77Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)LoveUnique Argument
78Anonymous Talbot School of Theology Professor (Biola)cosmological argumentCreation
79Neil ShenviMoralityThe Moral Argument
80Melissa DoughertyIntelligent DesignCreation
81Jonathan McLatchieBiological DesignCreation
82Becket CookFine-tuningCreation
83Douglas GroothuisI cannot do that. Too simplistic. It depends on what “best” means. I’m a cumulative case guy, so I think we need several to make the case.NaN
84Mike WingerDesignCreation
85John MarriottTranscendental argumentUnique Argument
86Mikel Del RosarioJesus’ Divine Claims and ResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
87Mark MittelbergDNACreation
88Randy AlcornCreation (Including the intelligent design of galaxies, sunsets, eclipses, mountain ranges, oceans, and the physical and metaphysical aspects of my wife, daughters and grandsons, each of my dogs, plus horses, lions, whales, dolphins, and manta rays. That one word creation covers a lot of ground!)Creation
89Gavin OrtlundMoralityThe Moral Argument
90Michael SherrardPurposeUnique Argument
91Lydia McGrewResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
92John Lovellcosmological argumentCreation
93Andrew Lokecosmological argumentCreation
94Rebecca McLaughlinThe divine claims and ethics of Jesus (If Jesus isn’t God, our deepest ethical beliefs have no secure foundation. Atheism leaves us ethically unmoored. But we don’t just need a generic idea of a Creator to ground universal human equality, care for the poor, equality of men and women, etc. We need Jesus’s ethics. And Jesus’s ethics are just wishful thinking if he isn’t God)Evidence for Jesus
95Ruslan KDReasonUnique Argument
96Hillary FerrerProteins and protein synthesis (“That’s easy!”)Creation
97Nata SalaMoral ArgumentThe Moral Argument
98Josh SwamidassResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
99Trent HornContingencyUnique Argument
100Megan AlmonMorality/BeautyThe Moral Argument
101Allen ParrFine-tuning (“for me for sure it would be fine-tuning”)Creation
102Titus Kennedycosmological argumentCreation
103Cameron BertuzziFine-tuningCreation
104Justin BrierleyMoralityThe Moral Argument
105Stephanie Gray ConnorsResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
106Tim BarnettFine- TuningCreation
107George Hulsecosmological argumentCreation
108Jason CarlsonResurrectionEvidence for Jesus
109Frank TurekCosmologicalCreation
110Eric HovindTranscendental argumentUnique Argument
Original Source | Sean McDowell

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