Critiquing: #035 — Qs on Crucifixion and Atonement

April 11, 2020 | Ask NT Wright Anything – Premier

Crucifixion Symbolism — Atonement Theories — Sacrificial Context — Biblical Interpretation — Theological Complexity

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Episode Assessment:

Metric	———	Commentary
Degree of Accuracy	B+	The content is factually accurate with references to biblical and historical contexts.
Degree of Coherence	B	Logical flow is generally maintained, though some explanations become complex and nuanced.
Absence of Fallacies	B+	Few logical fallacies present; arguments are well-reasoned and supported by theological texts.
Degree of Evidence	B	Arguments are substantiated with references to scripture and historical events.
Degree of Testability	C	Theological claims are inherently challenging to test empirically but are consistent with doctrinal texts.
Rational Confidence	B	Confidence is reasonable given the evidence presented, though some claims are open to interpretation.

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Potential/Apparent Weaknesses:

1. Complexity in Explanation

“Why do the arguments, especially Romans 3, have to be so complicated?”

The detailed explanation of Romans 3:21-26 can overwhelm listeners with its dense theological language. Simplifying this explanation without losing the core message could make it more accessible.

2. Misinterpretation of Sacrifice

“We are so distanced from the idea of animal sacrifice…”

Modern audiences might find it challenging to relate to ancient sacrificial practices, leading to potential misunderstandings of the theological implications discussed.

3. Overgeneralization of Biblical Interpretation

“In the book of Leviticus and numbers… it’s not about this animal being punished for the sins of the people.”

The broad statement about sacrificial laws may overlook specific nuances within different biblical passages and interpretations, risking overgeneralization.

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Formulations of Major Arguments

Argument #1: Necessity of Jesus’s Crucifixion

1. Premise 1: The concept of sacrifice is integral to both Old and New Testament theology.
2. Premise 2: Jesus’s crucifixion is depicted as the ultimate and final sacrifice.
3. Premise 3: This sacrifice is necessary to cleanse humanity of sin and re-establish a relationship with God.
4. Conclusion: Therefore, Jesus’s crucifixion is necessary for the forgiveness of sins and the fulfillment of God’s covenant.

Counter-Argument:
While the sacrificial system is a significant theme in biblical theology, the necessity of Jesus’s crucifixion can be questioned from a moral and ethical standpoint. The idea that an innocent being must suffer for the sins of others challenges contemporary views on justice and morality. Additionally, alternative interpretations within Christianity suggest that forgiveness and reconciliation could occur through means other than a violent sacrificial act.

Argument #2: Interpretation of Blood Sacrifice

1. Premise 1: Ancient Israelite sacrificial laws were not primarily about punishing animals for human sins.
2. Premise 2: Sacrificial practices were symbolic acts of cleansing and consecration.
3. Premise 3: Jesus’s sacrificial death aligns with these symbolic acts, cleansing humanity from sin.
4. Conclusion: Therefore, understanding Jesus’s death through the lens of ancient sacrificial practices emphasizes its symbolic rather than punitive nature.

Counter-Argument:
The interpretation of sacrificial laws as non-punitive can be seen as selective, as various biblical texts and interpretations suggest punitive elements. Moreover, viewing Jesus’s death purely symbolically might undermine the perceived gravity and necessity of the crucifixion in Christian theology. This interpretation also risks simplifying complex theological concepts into one-dimensional symbols, potentially losing the depth and richness of the original texts.

◉ Addressing Argument #2:

The Persistent Confusion about the Christian Concept of Atonement

The smell of a burnt offering of an innocent animal was proposed by many ancient religions as a way to appease their respective Gods. The idea was that the deity, angered by human actions or in need of appeasement, would find satisfaction in the ritualistic offering of an unblemished creature. This practice of blood sacrifice aimed to reconcile the divine with the mortal, creating a tangible act of devotion and submission.

However, the Christian God presents a unique case that has engendered significant confusion and debate, both historically and in contemporary times. The atonement in Christianity is multifaceted, incorporating numerous elements that have been the subject of theological discourse for centuries. Among these elements are:

• Blood sacrifice
• Suffering of Christ
• Death of Christ
• Crucifixion
• Resurrection
• Perfect obedience of Christ
• Substitutionary punishment
• Ransom payment
• Victory over evil powers
• Moral influence/example
• Reconciliation between God and humanity
• Satisfaction of divine justice
• Penal substitution
• Recapitulation (Christ reliving and redeeming human experience)
• Christus Victor (Christ’s victory over sin, death, and evil)

The persistent debates among Christian leaders about these aspects underscore a critical point: the concept of atonement, despite its centrality to the faith, was not clearly explained in the Scriptures. This lack of clarity is peculiar if one considers the possibility of a divine author. One might expect a divine communication to be unequivocal, particularly on a matter as crucial as the means of reconciliation between God and humanity.

The idea of blood sacrifice in Christianity ties back to the Old Testament practices but gains a profound transformation in the New Testament through the suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ. Each of these events holds theological weight and contributes to the broader understanding of atonement. The crucifixion is seen as the moment of ultimate substitutionary punishment, where Christ takes on the sins of humanity. Meanwhile, the resurrection signifies victory over evil powers and the promise of eternal life.

Furthermore, the perfect obedience of Christ serves as a model of moral influence, encouraging believers to live righteous lives. The theory of penal substitution suggests that Christ’s suffering satisfied the demands of divine justice, while the ransom payment theory posits that Christ’s death liberated humanity from the bondage of sin and evil.

However, the multiplicity of these theories and their varying emphases reveal the complexity and ambiguity surrounding the concept of atonement. The recapitulation theory, for instance, emphasizes Christ’s role in reliving and redeeming human experience, aligning with the broader narrative of Christus Victor, which celebrates Christ’s triumph over sin and death.

This diversity of interpretations points to an inherent ambiguity in the Scriptural presentation of atonement. If the Bible were indeed authored or inspired by a divine entity with the intention of guiding humanity, one might reasonably expect a more straightforward elucidation of such a fundamental doctrine. The ongoing theological debates and the lack of a singular, universally accepted explanation suggest that the Scriptures leave considerable room for interpretation and debate.

In conclusion, the confusion about the Christian concept of atonement reflects a deeper question about the nature of divine communication. The absence of a clear, unequivocal explanation of atonement in the Scriptures challenges the notion of a coherent and consistent divine authorship. This ongoing theological discourse, while enriching in many respects, also highlights the complexities and challenges of understanding divine intentions and the nature of reconciliation between God and humanity.

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We warmly welcome you to discuss this topic further in the comments section. Your thoughts and perspectives are valuable in continuing this important conversation.